Background and Objectives The digital radiography offers a variety of image processing techniques. Due to the importance of the accuracy of this method and its widespread applications, in this study we aim to investigate the diagnose of vertical root fracture (VRF) by conventional digital radiography with and without unsharp Masking (UM) filter. Subjects and Methods Radiographs were taken from 24 extracted anterior teeth before and after VRF induction. The root canal was prepared with passive step-back technique, and then the teeth were divided into two halves buccolingually with a very thin disk. The two halves were re-attached to each other and mounted in a mixture of gypsum and sawdust. After processing by the UM filter, the radiographs were evaluated by two observers to detect the presence or absence of VRF. Results For the first observer, the sensitivity of both methods was the same, while the specificity of the UM filtering mode was higher. For the second observer, the sensitivity of the unfiltered mode was higher, while the specificity of the two methods was the same. Conclusion There is no significant difference between digital radiography with and without the UM filter in diagnosing VRF. Due to the high sensivity and specifity of the UM filtering method, the specialist can use this filter based on personal preferences.

In this survey we consider the variety of unsharp orthomodular lattices. We will see that there are pretty smooth conditions that neatly generalize a great deal of the theory of orthomodular lattices. In particular, we will characterize the concept of block in this framework towards an appropriate notion of commutativity. Then, we capitalize on this fact and describe a categorical equivalence between orthomodular lattices, with fixed p-filters, and the variety of unsharp orthomodular lattices.

Background: Mammography is the primary imaging technique for detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, however, the contrast of a mammogram image is often poor, especially for dense and glandular tissues. In these cases the radiologist may miss some diagnostically important microcalcifications. In order to improve diagnosis of cancer correctly, image enhancement technology is often used to enhance the image and help radiologists.Methods: This paper presents a comparative study in digital mammography image enhancement based on four different algorithms: wavelet-based enhancement (Asymmetric Daubechies of order 8), Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), morphological operators and unsharp Masking. These algorithms have been tested on 114 clinical digital mammography images. The comparison for all the proposed image enhancement techniques was carried out to find out the best technique in enhancement of the mammogram images to detect microcalcifications.Results: For evaluation of performance of image enhancement algorithms, the Contrast Improvement Index (CII) and profile intensity surface area distribution curve quality assessment have been used after any enhancement. The results of this study have shown that the average of CII is about 2.61 for wavelet and for CLAHE, unsharp Masking and morphology operation are about 2.047, 1.63 and 1.315 respectively.Conclusion: Experimental results strongly suggest that the wavelet transformation can be more effective and improve significantly overall detection of the Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system especially for dense breast. Compare to other studies, our method achieved a higher CII.

Background and Aim: In noisy environments, two types of Masking including energetic mask-ing (EM) and informational Masking (IM) occur. EM results from the spectral overlap of the target and maskers on the basilar membrane, while IM occurs at higher level. This paper aimed to rev-iew the concept of IM in terms of historical perspective and definitions, the important cues for releasing from it, age-related effects and its neural basis. Recent Findings: The data from psychoacoustic, behavioral, and neuro-imaging studies were revi-ewed and discussed in order to provide an overall image of IM. According to these studies, it seems that perceptual segregation between the target and maskers is the most important cues for relea-sing from IM. This process takes place simply and without any effort in adults with normal hearing; however, it does not occur easily in chil-dren, elderly people and those with impaired hearing. Moreover, it seems that both top-down and bottom-up processing are involved in IM for-mation. Conclusion: Since IM leads to failure in selec-tion of auditory objects and prevents the indivi-dual from auditory scene analysis, understanding the IM concept leads to a better knowledge of speech perception in noise.

The use of lightweight and light weight block ciphers in the Internet of Things is inevitable. Recently, Midori64 has received a lot of attention among other lightweight ciphers due to its very low power consumption. Midori64 security has been threatened by various attacks, including side channel attacks. One of the types of side channel attacks is correlation power analysis, in which an attacker can discover the encryption key by using the power leak of the cryptographic chip while the algorithm is running, data being processed and operations being executed. Masking against power analysis attacks is known as one of the most effective methods of cryptographic algorithms. The purpose of the mask is to disrupt the relationship between power consumption and ongoing operations. In this paper, an implemented version of the Midori64 code on an Atmega32 AVR micro-controller is attacked by correlation power analysis, and an encryption key with 300 blocks of plain text is discovered. After Masking the Midori64 with the Boolean Masking method, the attack was performed again, and the experimental results showed that the Boolean Masking method could prevent key discovery.